These include adventive species like frankliniella occidentalis, frankliniella schultzei, thrips palmi, and scirtothrips dorsalis. Control biologico del trips frankliniella occidentalis pergande en freson. Larger yellowish thrips on the right is the western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis. In recent years, western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande thysanoptera.
Frankliniella occidentaliswestern flower thrips, the most important pest thrips. Mexico is among the most important blackberry producers in the world. The two homozygous color forms, pale and dark, of frankliniella occidentalis pergande, the western flower thrips, were demonstrated for the first time to be similarly able to transmit the tomato spotted wilt virus. They directly injure foliar and floral buds, scar petals and flowers, and silver and crinkle. Your use of this pdf, the bioone complete website, and all posted and associated. Prey suitability of western flower thrips, frankliniella. Thrips tabaci lindeman and frankliniella occidentalis pergande are the most studied members of thysanoptera.
Most of the 180 described species are known only from the neotropics, but f. Shortly after its invasion into europe, the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande, became a more severe pest of greenhouse crops than the onion thrips, thrips tabaci lindeman. Comparison of seven methods for rearing western flower. Hence, perhaps both pests can be controlled simultaneously by this predator. Attraction effect of different colored cards on thrips. Under laboratory conditions, mechanical inoculation with crude plant extracts is efficiently performed. Variation in performance of western flower thrips populations on. The hypothesized visual system of thrips tabaci lindeman. Experiments were conducted to test the vector status of f. S rna and m rna are ambisense, while l rna is of negative polarity.
It causes damage and spoilage to a vast number of economically important plant species through feeding, oviposition and spread of several plant diseases, most notably tospoviruses morse and hoddle, 2006. Role of the insect supervectors bemisia tabaci and. Frankliniella schultzei, thrips palmi, and scirtothrips. To test whether this differential pest status was due to a larger capacity of population increase, a comparative life history study was carried out on cucumber cucumis sativus cv. Insects have evolved different mechanisms to resist unfavorable extreme temperatures. Tomato spotted wilt virus tswv and thrips vectors tomato spotted wilt virus tswv is the type member of the genus tospovirus, family bunyaviridae. The western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande, which originated from western north america, has invaded much of the agricultural world since the 1970s, and in so doing, has become a dominant thrips species.
Along with the western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis, tswv is also vectored by other thrips species present in hawaii including yellow flower thrips frankliniella schultzei, onion thrips thrips tabaci, and chili thrips scirtothrips dorsalis. Smaller, tan thrips on left is the onion thrips thrips tabaci. Control of bemisia tabaci and frankliniella occidentalis. Thripidae, since these thrips species have already become worldwide spread pests causing serious yield losses. The most severe outcome of the widespread interspecific competition that occurs between invasive organisms and their local congeners is species displacement. Thripidae 3 the interocellar setae arise along an imaginary line across the front edges of the two hind ocelli. Related and similar species currently 230 species are listed in the genus frankliniella, with up. Control of western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis. Western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis p. Frankliniella intonsa browse species thrips of california. Pdf comparative life history studies of frankliniella. First record of frankliniella occidentalis and impatiens necrotic spot virus in egypt 693 table 1 host plants on which the thrips frankliniella occidentalis, thrips tabaci and other species were collected in the giza area frankliniella tritici species were placed in the catergory number of other species. Optimization of dietary rna interference delivery to.
This study assessed nine binary pesticide mixtures used in greenhouses under both laboratory and greenhouse environments. A metal sampling apparatus sampled for the two species of thrips at five levels of soil depth 010 cm, over seven dates of sampling, each in eight replications. Western flower thrips wft, frankliniella occidentalis, is one of the most. Frankliniella fusca an overview sciencedirect topics. Thripidae is a major agricultural and horticulture pest worldwide kirk, 2002. Phytoseiidae was shown an effective biological control agent of both pests. Transmission of iris yellow spot virus by frankliniella.
Mixed populations of wft, florida thrips, and eastern flower thrips may occur in a given area. Frankliniella occidentalis is a pest of several crops throughout florida and the world and is capable of causing economic loss fig. Native species include frankliniella tritici and frankliniella bispinosa. Some of these compounds can increase the trap capture of these thrips species in both commercial greenhouses and broad acre commercial. They can cause significant damage to host plants through feeding and oviposition, and vector various plant viruses. It is one of the major limiting factors affecting yield of cucumber. There is no difference in transmitting efficiency between the two color forms of f. Department of pure and applied ecology, university of. An evaluation of frankliniella occidentalis thysanoptera. Frankliniella occidentalis an overview sciencedirect. Pdf the hypothesized visual system of thrips tabaci lindeman.
Pdf comparative life history studies of frankliniella occidentalis. Typically, greenhouse producers apply pesticides, even as mixtures to mitigate wft populations. Thrips populations, mainly of the western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis, have notably increased over the past decades, thus facilitating the emergence of the thripstransmitted tospoviruses prins and goldbach, 1998. Both western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande thysanoptera. Three species of thrips, the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande, tobacco thrips, frankliniella fusca hinds, and onion thrips, thrips tabaci lindeman, reportedly damage tomatoes both in protected culture and the open field. They can cause significant damage to host plants through feeding and oviposition, and vector various plant viruses, including. Temperature is known to play a crucial role in the population dynamics of insects. The western flower thrips, however, is considered the most important vector. Thrips as the transmission bottleneck for mixed infection. Frankliniella occidentalis western flower thrips in the. Thripidae are major pests in greenhouse grown cucumber crops.
These thrips are difficult to control chemically and treatments have to be repeated frequently, causing residue problems and disrupting integrated pest management programmes that have been adopted. Abstract western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis, and onion thrips, thrips tabaci, are both important polyphagous pests of vegetables and ornamentals in. Determination of soil depth inhabited by frankliniella. It is an agricultural pest that can damage crops of onions and other plants, and it can additionally act as a vector for plant viruses. Efficiency of thrips tabaci and frankliniella occidentalis populations. There are hundreds of species of thrips present in north. Thripidae, is a major pest of greenhouse crops in iran. Onion thrips or western flower thrips pdf western colorado. Effects of heat stress on survival of frankliniella. Iran agricultural research 2015 342 1520 comparison of seven methods for rearing western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis thysanoptera.
Of these thrips, the western flower thrips is most common and can be very abundant during bloom, on the flowers, small fruit, and flush growth. Pdf thrips tabaci lindeman and frankliniella occidentalis pergande are the most studied members of thysanoptera. Western flower thrips, the primary thrips species encountered by greenhouse producers, is extremely polyphagous, feeding on a widevariety of horticultural crops grown in both commercial and research greenhouses. Thripidae, are small, rapidly reproducing polyphagous thrip species that cause concealed damage to vegetable crops. In this crop, thrips damage is associated with poor fruit set. Thripidae, and onion thrips, thrips tabaci lindeman thysanoptera. Control biologico del trips frankliniella occidentalis. Both are very small insects with an elongated body, typically about 1. Interference and exploitation competition between frankliniella. Frankliniella occidentalis, the western flower thrips, is a key pest of glasshouses, greenhouses and polytunnels thrips can be difficult for growers to detect due to their small size and tendency for hiding within the concealed parts of the plant. Thripidae, have caused significant damage to vegetable crops.
Thrips feed by piercing surface cells of leaves and sucking out the cell contents. The objectives of this study were to determine the depth of penetration into the soil by frankliniella occidentalis pergande and thrips tabaci lindeman thysan. Western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis pergande1 edis. In our study, we initially assessed the attractiveness of western flower thrips wft frankliniella occidentalis adults to vanilla extract in the laboratory using choice and nochoice experiments by comparing one 0.
Thrips tabaci lindeman, thrips setosus moulton, frankliniella occidentalis pergande, frankliniella schultzei trybom, frankliniella fusca hinds, and frankliniella intonsa trybom sherwood et al. Integrated pest management of western flower thrips. Frankliniella occidentalis bulletin of insectology. Frankliniella occidentalis and thrips tabaci, vectors of the tomato spotted wilt virus, have become increasingly important agriculture pests, both in the open field and in greenhouses. Population abundance of frankliniella occidentalis thysanoptera. Frankliniella occidentalis oviposits preferentially on insv and tswv mixedinfected leaves in all choice tests figure 1, the number of eggs deposited was significantly higher in the leaf. Comparative life history studies of frankliniella occidentalis and.
Care should be taken to not confuse western flower thrips with citrus thrips. This high rate of synonymy has been due to unrecognized variability in size and color of so many species. The western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande thysanoptera. Common blossom thrips, frankliniella schultzei insecta. A new attractant for monitoring western flower thrips. Identification of thrips species and resistance of. Despite the common name tobacco thrips, frankliniella fusca feed on various plant species. Early detection and mass trapping of frankliniella occidentalis and thrips tabaci in vegetable. Thrips tabaci is a species of very small insect in the genus thrips in the order thysanoptera. Currently 230 species are listed in the genus frankliniella, with up to further names placed into synonymy nakahara, 1997. Emergence of insecttransmitted plant viruses over the past 1020 years has been disproportionately driven by two socalled supervectors.
Main species of thrips in greenhouses common name species name greenhouse thrips heliothrips haemorrhoidalis banded greenhouse thrips hercinothrips femoralis flower thrips frankliniella tritici western flower thrips wft frankliniella occidentalis onion or tobacco thrips thrips tabaci table 2. Frankliniella occidentalis is the primary vector of tswv due to its increasingly global distribution wijkamp et al. Comparative life history studies of frankliniella occidentalis and thrips tabaci thysanoptera. Western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis per. Western flower thrips wft, frankliniella occidentalis is an economically important insect pest of greenhouses. Cooperative extension citrus thrips scirtothrips citri.
The objectives of this study were to identify the main thrips species associated with the flowers of cultivated blackberries, and to determine the resistance level of fieldcollected populations of western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande. Thripidae, was first described in california in 1895, and since the 1970s, it had invaded much of the world and became dominant population in most of the areas where it had been introduced kirk and terry 2003, morse and hoddle 2006. Western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis, attack a wide variety of crops including, but not limited to alfalfa, beans, and onions. The postocular setae are slightly shorter than interocellar setae on the head of adult female f. Common blossom thrips, frankliniella schultzei trybom insecta. Two important thrips species that transmit tospoviruses, the onion thrips thrips tabaci lindeman and the tobacco thrips frankliniella fusca hinds are known to infest onion in georgia. Abstract populations of the invasive frankliniella occidentalis pergande are serious pests of. Frankliniella occidentalis browse species thrips of. High rates of reproduction and dispersal, extreme polyphagy, and development of insecticide resistance, together with human activities, have made these insects global. The objective of two trials in 2001 was to evaluate several insecticides for. Competitive interaction between frankliniella occidentalis. Known host plants include, but are not limited to, tobacco, watermelon, tomato, sweet pepper, cotton, and peanut jones 2005. It is commonly known as the onion thrips, the potato thrips, the tobacco thrips or the cotton seedling thrips. Particles are spherical, and membranebound, occurring singly or in clusters.
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